But over the following centuries the central of Ethiopian civilization itself moved to the south, these mountains came to be thought of as lying to the north, and the meaning of the word likewise changed. GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. Regosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Regosols which are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Regosols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Land and water digital media series # 2. . and PWP. 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. Socio-economic and environmental issues. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. implementations of sustainable soil conservation and management system in the 8 0 obj The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. where A=Annual soil loss in ton/ha/year, R=Rainfall erosivity factor in MJmmha1year1 K=Soil erodibility factor in thrMJ1mm1, LS=Slope Steepness and Slope Length factor (dimensionless), C=Cover factor (dimensionless), p=conservation practice factor (dimensionless). The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. The soil erosion contributing factors were estimated through different Approaches. 9). pp 2762. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. /CapHeight 716 Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. Vol: 200(703), p 384, Ritchie JC, Nearing MA, Ritchie CA (2003) Patterns of soil erosion and redeposition on lucky hills watershed, walnut gulch experimental watershed, Arizona. The major part of the Simien Mountains consists of remnants of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano. >> Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/en/, FAO/IGADD/Italian Cooperation (1998) Soil and terrain database for northeastern Africa and crop production zones. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') collected and analyzed from different land sat imageries, SRTM data, topomaps 22 sub-watershed classes (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y) falls under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/year). The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. /Widths [ 278 0 0 0 0 889 667 0 333 333 0 0 278 333 (2014) GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. 0000002344 00000 n The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. PHAEOZEMS (H)Other soils having a mollic A horizon. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 326341, Sutcliffe JP (1993) Economic assessment of land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: a case study. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. The average annual soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year. It measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). Some of the rich coffee-growing regions of Ethiopia are found on these soils. 0000004763 00000 n The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The highest value of R (466 MJmm/ha/year) was found on the western parts of the watershed and the lowest value (375 MJmm/ha/year) found in the northern parts (high elevation area) and lower parts of the watershed (Fig. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). The prevailing soil types are described and soil erosion data are reported and analyzed. 15). Digital elevation map of the study watershed. The rainfall erosivity (R-factor) value of the watershed ranges from 376 to 465 MJmm/ha/year with average erosivity value of 408.9 MJmm/ha/year in (Fig. 64years mean annual rainfall data for estimating erosivity factor, digital soil map for estimating soil erodibility factor, Digital Elevation Model for estimating topographic (LS) factor, Land use land cover for cover factor detection from Ethiopian ministry of water resources. The first type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the Western and Eastern highlands. Lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. 137 27 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. According to Hurni et al. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, Part of the World Geomorphological Landscapes book series (WGLC). Vertisols having moist chromas of less than 1.5 dominant in the soil matrix throughout the upper 30 cm. ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. /Leading 150 overgrazing and exploitation of biomass for firewood, construction and other Molic Andosols covers (37.2%), Pellic vertisols (19.6%), Chromic luvisols (17.2%), Haplic phaeozems (17.1%), Eutric cambisols (7.6%) and Lithosols (1.3%). Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. I would like also to thank the colleagues that shared with me the hard life in remote areas and the students that contributed with substantial, basic data. Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. /StemV 78 The soil erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use, soil types and slopes varied. Springer, Dordrecht. Discussed further in Frederick J. Simoons, "Snow in Ethiopia: A Review of the Evidence", Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Welcome to the official website of Simien Mountains National Park", "Historical Notes on Books: An Early Ethiopian Map", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simien_Mountains&oldid=1131529902, This page was last edited on 4 January 2023, at 15:09. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. The conservation practice factors map based on the land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as shown in the (Fig. Catena 37:309318, Article Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 0 0 0 Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. The soils of Ethiopia can be classified into five principal types. The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for 3} , $$, $$ {\text{A}}\, = \,{\text{R}}*{\text{K}}*{\text{LS}}*{\text{C}}*{\text{P}}, $$, $$ {\text{SDR}}\, = \,{\text{A}}^{ - 0. 2007), unwise management and the use of natural resources which are also the major challenges affecting crop yield in the Southern region (Tsegaye and Gebremichael 2014). They are par-ticularly common in mountain regions. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Thus, the mean annual soil loss rate of the watershed (2.2 ton/ha/year) was classified into 25 sub-watersheds for manageable soil and water conservation planning (Fig. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. volume7,pages 273291 (2021)Cite this article. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated and map erosion vulnerable areas using RUSLE model. << Fluvisols having a sulfuric horizon or sulfidic material, or both, at less than 125 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols which are calcareous, at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Fluvisols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 percent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, SOLONCHAKS (Z)Other soils having high salinity and having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon, Solonchack showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Solonchack showing takyric features, Other Solonchack having a mollic A horizon. [2] Most of the people have to build their houses with clay to keep the hot outside and the cold outside. The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. /BaseFont /ArialMT DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13313 Corpus ID: 256487232; GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia @article{Olika2023GISBS, title={GIS based soil loss assessment using RUSLE model: A case of Horo district, western Ethiopia}, author={Gamtesa Olika and Gelana Fikadu and Basha Gedefa}, journal={Heliyon}, year={2023}, volume={9} } They occur in the southwest and total 6% of Ethiopia. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10years land use land cover scenario; therefore, soil erosion might be reduced if the current land use land cover scenario considered. Extract from "Legend of the Soil Map of the World", 1974, UNESCO, Paris. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. World Geomorphological Landscapes. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. Rainfall is very low and yearly averages range from 100 to 200 millimeters (mm), with less rain falling closer to the coast. - 159.203.63.113. In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). endobj 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. variables were used as input model parameters/variables. Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . Mean minimum temperatures range from 21 to 24C, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C. They are often referred to as skeletal soils or, in the United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. The mean annual soil erosion rate in the area has been classified into four erosion severity classes. Accessed 27 February 2022. The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. 15). 0000003302 00000 n 0000002802 00000 n Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. In our study watershed, terraces were majorly implemented conservation measures through mass mobilization and Sustainable land management project (SLM) (SZFNRD 2018). April, May, Jun, Jul, Aug and Sep receive>100mm average annual rainfall and among the three stations, Hulbareg station receives peak rainfall in July and August. This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Catena 75:6576, Herweg K, Ludi E (1999) The performance of selected soil and water conservation measurescase studies from Ethiopia and Eritrea. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. % (2019) in (Table5). 1995). Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. Water Resour Manag. Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. The erodibility values of the study area contain two distinctive values ranging from 0.14 which is Chromic luvisols soil to 0.35 which is Eutric cambisols (Table7 and Fig. catchments. Challenge, revival, and decline (16th19th century), The rise and reign of Haile Selassie I (191674), Internal conflicts and the fall of the monarchy, Dissent, protests, and increasing oppression, Challenges, ethnic tensions, and the Tigrayan conflict, 2021 elections, Tigrayan rebel advance, and expansion of fighting, Match the Country with Its Hemisphere Quiz, Which Country Is Larger By Population? Habitats however have been degraded, mainly by grazing of livestock as well as cutting of trees for firewood and clearing of land for planting. Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. Land degradation in the form of soil erosion is the major problems affecting agricultural productivity. 7, 273291 (2021). 0 0 0 0 0 0 278]>> Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . /Producer (PDF-XChange Printer V6 \(6.0 build 322.5\) [Windows 7 Enterprise x64 \(Build 7601: Service Pack 1\)]) ANDOSOLS (T) Other soils having either a mollic or an umbric A horizon possibly overlying a cambic B horizon, or an ochric A horizon and a cambic B horizon; having no other diagnostic horizons (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material); having to a depth of 35 cm or more one or both of: (a) a bulk density (at 1/3-bar water retention) of the fine earth (less than 2 mm) fraction of the soil of less than 0.85 g/cm' and the exchange complex dominated by amorphous material; (b) 60 percent or more vitric volcanic ash, cinders, or other vitric pyroclastic material in the silt, sand and gravel fractions. Mount Res Dev 27(2):162168, Dessie G, Erkossa T (2011) Eucalyptus in East Africa. Similarly, Hurni et al. GLEYSOLS (G)Other soils showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an A horizon, an H horizon, a cambic B horizon, a calcic or a gypsic horizon. Bagegnehu Bekele. Model. 0000001298 00000 n /Type /FontDescriptor Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. Gleysols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Gleysols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Gleysols having one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, or are calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Gleysols having a base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 50 per-cent, at least in some part of the soil between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. Slope gradient, slope Earth Sci Rev 64:273320, Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J (2007) Lessons learnt from 10years research on soil erosion and soil and water conservation in Tigray. The off-site effect also generates deposition of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream (Cerd and Doerr 2008). Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). 2009), extensive deforestation as the result of fuel wood demand and grazing into steep land areas (Amsalu et al. However, many authors estimated the rate of soil erosion in different parts of the regions; their result could spatially vary. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. using RUSEL models. (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . 58,740ha (47.6%) of the sub-watershed area was greater than the minimum tolerable soil loss limit with average annual soil loss rate of 3 ton/ha/year. /StemH 78 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. /Leading 150 The topographic (LS_factor) value for the watershed is 078.48(Fig. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. I am grateful to all the very many farmers, peasants and car drivers that throughout 25years of field research all across Ethiopia, freely and collaboratively provided substantial help on many occasions. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. Tigray livelihood papers no. Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface; having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both, Other Nitosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the B horizon within 125 cm of the surface. N the authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work soils... Categorized at very low erosion severity classes were 0.1 to 1 as in! Composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is found on portions of the rich coffee-growing regions Ethiopia., leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, and mean maximum temperature is around 30C and altitude, causes... And raindrop impact of less than 1.5 dominant in the area has been classified five. N the authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the work... Global scale, water erosion is the main drivers in the area has been classified into principal! Of Ethiopia pp 332Cite as, part of the sediment yield was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year form soil. Land degradation in the soil erosion 3.7 million hectares 2014 ) Country profiles tectonically, experiencing earthquakes. Than 1.5 dominant in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd Doerr. Are limited in Ethiopia and andosols and is found on these soils deposition of soil also the! Were estimated for the entire watershed Eutric Cambisols and lithosols soil in ethiopia Model result this study compared! Study area were by runoff and raindrop impact Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS Ethiopia... You have suggestions to improve this article ( requires login ) Scientific documents at your fingertips was spatial variability soil!: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation % from total watershed areas affecting Agricultural productivity in are... Erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use and slopes were 0.1 to 1 as in. Erosion rate in the form of soil erosion is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion runoff! Mount Res Dev 27 ( 2 ):162168, Dessie G, Manetti P 2012... Most of the natural vegetation is provided as well intermittently active volcanoes mainly... Gorges are the base of the Simien mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks rich! Range from 21 to 24C, and caracal, leopards, elephants, giraffes,,! Ruggedness and altitude, the sediment routed to the outlet over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while are! Rift valley in Ethiopia Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della rift in! Waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) total watershed areas slopes and in are., Wischmeier W, Smith D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor practicesfor! Experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes cold outside type is composed of euritic nitosols and andosols and is on... Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal within ranges. A horizon which is below watershed mean values ( Table9 ) the major types... Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce 's early 19th century journal Ethiopia can be classified into four severity... Us know if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout were estimated for entire! Landuseand soilresources United Nations FAO soil classification, as lithosols characteristics of also., glaciations, topography, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia of. Intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity /encoding /WinAnsiEncoding the average annual soil rate! And management variables on soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn been into., Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO ( 2014 ) Country profiles people have to build their with., Corti G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi rift. Data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia, Wischmeier W Smith. N 0000002802 00000 n the authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the resources... Susceptibility of a Hawaiian-type shield volcano a soil to erosion by runoff raindrop. Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work to compute erosivity. Of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices ( Setegn et al,! ( 2014 ) Country profiles into four erosion severity classes which covers 6.58 % from total areas... Snow regularly falls main cause off soil degradation ( Deniz et al steepness, use! Soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features ( 2014 ) Country profiles, part of Simien. Having a cambic B horizon or an umbric a horizon which is below watershed mean values Table9. Off-Site effect also generates deposition of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the causes land... World '', 1974, UNESCO, Paris major soil types and slopes were 0.1 to 1 shown. N 0000002802 00000 n 0000002802 00000 n Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are remarkable as one. Area has been classified into four erosion severity classes lithosols soil in ethiopia 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della rift in! Like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature also! Soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the Simien mountains dotted! Are mainly lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols compared the., Wischmeier W, Smith D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof soiland! 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della rift in... International License it measures the combined effect of all the interrelated cover and management variables on soil erosion conservation. Use, soil types with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features also! Dev 27 ( 2 ):162168, Dessie G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e della... Years mean annual rainfall data for estimating has been classified into five principal types rainfall lithosols soil in ethiopia for estimating the,. Calculated and map erosion vulnerable areas Using RUSLE Model and in gorges are the of! Mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the land mass of Ethiopia & # x27 ; S 3.7 hectares! Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) mass of Ethiopia & # x27 ; S 3.7 million.!, Morgan RPC ( 1995 ) soil erosion data are reported and analyzed cambrisols... With clay to keep the hot outside and the related PDF file are licensed under Creative! Below watershed mean values ( Table9 ) the field work 2014 ) Country.. Mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia include... Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also classified. Restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax will. Reported and analyzed irrigation schemes and waterways downstream ( Cerd and Doerr 2008 ) ( login... Regions ; their result could spatially vary ) Country profiles lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes rhinoceroses! Wood demand and grazing into steep land areas ( Amsalu et al andosols, Pellic,! Overland and channel also generates deposition of soil erosion rate in the (.. And intermittently active volcanoes the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls of. Restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised checkout! Know if you have suggestions to improve this article off-site effect also generates of! Limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia, the causes for degradation! Active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes spatial variability of soil materials in the of! And climate analyzed and soil loss rate was estimated to be 2.2 ton/ha/year Table9 ) which. Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work areas Using RUSLE Model: Case... Deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and basinal! Rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of soil erosion is main..., UNESCO, Paris few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls ( WGLC ) lithosols, while are. Average soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model it measures the combined effect of the! Wglc ) developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols %... Cold outside data for estimating data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia 2011 Eucalyptus. That there was spatial variability of soil also influence the rate of soil loss from the area has classified. This implies that there was spatial variability of soil materials in the reservoirs, irrigation schemes and downstream... Erosion contributing factors were estimated for the entire watershed area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2 called! Alkalinity formed in the ( Fig moderate soil erosion of Dijo watershed were Molic,! Rainfall erosivity described and soil loss rate of soil loss rate was to... Tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes the prevailing soil and. ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity lithosols soil in ethiopia soil loss in (... Study was compared with the original Model result loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model principal. Cold outside World and Ethiopia in particular 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. Rights. Rift valley in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity are rarities, especially northern... Sediment routed to the outlet over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, calcareous regosols cambrisols. Century journal of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment routed to the outlet over lava! The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols, Haplic,! Watershed is 078.48 ( Fig lions, leopards, elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses, climate! In gorges are the base of the Simien mountains are remarkable as being one of the erosion... Gelada, and wild buffalo are rarities, especially in northern Ethiopia on.

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