in franklin d. roosevelt's younger years, his mother picked all the clothes he had to wear. Within his first year, he began implementing these policies through a series of executive orders and federal legislation collectively called the New Deal. 12538, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the thirty-second president of the United States, was a central figure for the United States in the 20th Century. In the meantime, in 1905, he had married a distant cousin, Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, who was the niece of President Theodore Roosevelt. Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945. [107], Beginning in 1925, Roosevelt spent most of his time in the Southern United States, at first on his houseboat, the Larooco. Industry leaders negotiated the rules with NIRA officials, who suspended antitrust laws in return for better wages. [195] Roosevelt's "court packing" plan ran into intense political opposition from his own party, led by Vice President Garner since it upset the separation of powers. Served 3 terms instead of only 2. With the war still raging, he urged voters not to "change horses in mid-stream. He learned that federal patronage alone, without White House support, could not defeat a strong local organization. [232] Isolationist leaders like Charles Lindbergh and Senator William Borah successfully mobilized opposition to Roosevelt's proposed repeal of the Neutrality Act, but Roosevelt won Congressional approval of the sale of arms on a cash-and-carry basis. [282] Roosevelt's civilian appointees handled the draft and procurement of men and equipment, but no civilians not even the secretaries of War or Navy had a voice in strategy. The act did not compel employers to reach an agreement with their employees, but it opened possibilities for American labor. He broke with tradition and flew to Chicago to accept the nomination in person. [64] Roosevelt overcame a bout of typhoid fever, and with help from journalist Louis McHenry Howe, he was re-elected in the 1912 elections. "[356] In January 1944, Roosevelt established the War Refugee Board to aid Jews and other victims of Axis atrocities. The Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941, followed four days later by Germany's and Italy's declarations of war against the United States, brought the nation irrevocably into the war. [172] It pumped sums equal to 2% of the GDP into the consumer economy and had a major stimulus effect. Peabody remained a strong influence throughout Roosevelt's life, officiating at his wedding and visiting him as president. He entered Columbia Law School in 1904 but dropped out in 1907 after passing the New York Bar Examination. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese Empire bombarded the US military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in a surprise attack. [264] After Roosevelt announced a $100million loan (equivalent to $1.9billion in 2021) to China in reaction to Japan's occupation of northern French Indochina, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy. Yesterday, December 7th, 1941- a date which will live in infamy- the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan (1). He worked with and through his military advisers, overriding them when necessary, and took an active role in choosing the principal field commanders and in making decisions regarding wartime strategy. [143] Otherwise, Roosevelt's primary campaign strategy was one of caution, intent upon avoiding mistakes that would distract from Hoover's failings on the economy. In March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. [27] He later said, "I took economics courses in college for four years, and everything I was taught was wrong. His activist approach and personal charm helped to defeat Hoover in November 1932 by seven million votes. Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to jointly pursue the project, and Roosevelt helped ensure that American scientists cooperated with their British counterparts. The couple had six children, five of whom survived infancy: Anna (1906), James (1907), Elliott (1910), Franklin, Jr. (1914) and John (1916). Historian William Leuchtenburg says that before 1960, "Kennedy showed a conspicuous lack of inclination to identify himself as a New Deal liberal." [105] He was careful never to be seen using his wheelchair in public, and great care was taken to prevent any portrayal in the press that would highlight his disability. [336], Roosevelt's declining physical health had been kept secret from the public. [242] To replace Garner on the ticket, Roosevelt turned to Secretary of Agriculture Henry Wallace of Iowa, a former Republican who strongly supported the New Deal and was popular in farm states. "[39] Although Eleanor thought sex was "an ordeal to be endured",[40] she and Franklin had six children. There are absolutely no organic difficulties at all. [53] Roosevelt was a compelling recruit for the party. 1940 - Axis gains momentum in World War II. The bill was blocked by the newly formed bipartisan Conservative Coalition, which also sought to prevent further New Deal legislation. "[175] Compared with the social security systems in western European countries, the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative. [288] Concerned that their forces were not yet ready for an invasion of France, Churchill and Roosevelt decided to delay such an invasion until at least 1943 and instead focus on a landing in North Africa, known as Operation Torch. After war broke out in Europe in 1914, Roosevelt became a vehement advocate of military preparedness, and following U.S. entry into the war in 1917, he built a reputation as an effective administrator. [151] Roosevelt refused Hoover's request to develop a joint program to stop the economic decline, claiming that it would tie his hands and that Hoover had the power to act. [37] [159] They were forced to liquidate their properties and businesses and interned in hastily built camps in interior, harsh locations. [254] When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Roosevelt agreed to extend Lend-Lease to the Soviets. [214] The GNP was 34% higher in 1936 than in 1932 and 58% higher in 1940 on the eve of war. Omissions? [191] Roosevelt lost high-income voters, especially businessmen and professionals, but made major gains among the poor and minorities. America, though a neutral in the war and still at peace, was becoming the "arsenal of democracy", as its factories began producing as they had in the years before the Depression. During the 1944 re-election campaign, McIntire denied several times that Roosevelt's health was poor; on October 12, for example, he announced that "The President's health is perfectly OK. [164] The most popular of all New Deal agencies and Roosevelt's favorite was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which hired 250,000 unemployed men to work in rural projects. [111] Roosevelt and Smith came from different backgrounds and never fully trusted one another, but Roosevelt supported Smith's progressive policies, while Smith was happy to have the backing of the prominent and well-respected Roosevelt. "[132] He ran on a platform that called for aid to farmers, full employment, unemployment insurance, and old-age pensions. [157] Energized by his own victory over paralytic illness, he used persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. During the recession of 19371938, Roosevelt launched a rhetorical campaign against big business and monopoly power in the United States. The pact bound each country to defend the others against attack, and Germany, Japan, and Italy became known as the Axis powers. [231], When World War II began in September 1939 with Germany's invasion of Poland and Britain and France's subsequent declaration of war upon Germany, Roosevelt sought ways to assist Britain and France militarily. Leahy. Despite all the chaos going on at the time, he was met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory (pg. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 06:23. [359] Historians and political scientists consistently rank Roosevelt, George Washington, and Abraham Lincoln as the three greatest presidents, although the order varies. Bill. He usually appeared in public standing upright, supported on one side by an aide or one of his sons. [22][23], Like most of his Groton classmates, Roosevelt went to Harvard College. Critics have questioned not only his policies, positions, and the consolidation of power that occurred due to his responses to the crises of the Depression and World War II but also his breaking with tradition by running for a third term as president. The FLSA outlawed child labor, established a federal minimum wage, and required overtime pay for certain employees who work in excess of forty-hours per week. During World War II, the proportion of African American men employed in manufacturing positions rose significantly. [291] Taking up the Wilsonian mantle, Roosevelt pushed as his highest postwar priority the establishment of the United Nations. Thus, Roosevelt had committed the U.S. to the Allied side with a policy of "all aid short of war. He was born on January 30th 1882 and died on April 22nd, 1945. [152], During the transition, Roosevelt chose Howe as his chief of staff, and Farley as Postmaster General. [282] Though reluctant to back an unelected government, Roosevelt recognized Charles de Gaulle's Provisional Government of the French Republic as the de facto government of France in July 1944. Franklin D. Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882. [233] He also began a regular secret correspondence with Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, in September 1939the first of 1,700 letters and telegrams between them. His parents and private tutors provided him with almost all his formative education. In the afternoon of April 12, 1945, in Warm Springs, Georgia, while sitting for a portrait, Roosevelt said "I have a terrific headache. "[159] On the positive side, nothing did more to rescue the farm family from isolation than the Rural Electrification Administration (REA), which brought electricity for the first time to millions of rural homes and with it such conveniences as radios and washing machines. In the process, he came to champion the full program of progressive reform. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower impacts on American society and the world as a whole on post-Word War II was very pertinent. The United States would also declare war on. This managed to eventually create as many as 3.3million WPA jobs by 1938. The act also limited affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms. [211][212], Government spending increased from 8.0% of the gross national product (GNP) under Hoover in 1932 to 10.2% in 1936. At age thirty-nine, Roosevelt contracted polio. [159] On March 22, Roosevelt signed the CullenHarrison Act, which brought Prohibition to a close. When Hitler attacked Poland in September 1939, Roosevelt stated that, although the nation was neutral, he did not expect America to remain inactive in the face of Nazi aggression. Conservative Democrats, led by Al Smith, fought back with the American Liberty League, savagely attacking Roosevelt and equating him with socialism. , [70] Roosevelt oversaw the Navy's civilian employees and earned the respect of union leaders for his fairness in resolving disputes. [148] Between the Civil War and 1929, Democrats had rarely controlled both houses of Congress and had won just four of seventeen presidential elections; from 1932 to 1979, Democrats won eight of twelve presidential elections and generally controlled both houses of Congress.[149]. Roosevelt carried 102 of the country's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more. [297] At the January 1943 Casablanca Conference, the Allies agreed to defeat Axis forces in North Africa and then launch an invasion of Sicily, with an attack on France to take place in 1944. [146], Roosevelt won 57% of the popular vote and carried all but six states. [f], In the election against Landon and a third-party candidate, Roosevelt won 60.8% of the vote and carried every state except Maine and Vermont. By April 1945, Nazi resistance was crumbling in the face of advances by both the Western Allies and the Soviet Union. Empowered by the public's vote of confidence, the first item on Roosevelt's agenda in the 74th Congress was the creation of a social insurance program. [174] The Social Security Act established Social Security and promised economic security for the elderly, the poor, and the sick. FDR embraced Keynesian economic policies and fought to expand the role of the federal government in the nation's economy. He entered politics in 1910 and was elected to the New York State Senate as a Democrat from his traditionally Republican home district. Roosevelt's popularity and success in naval affairs resulted in his being nominated for vice-president by the Democratic Party in 1920 on a ticket headed by James M. Cox of Ohio. Roosevelt tried with mixed success to bring reforms to the navy yards, which were under his jurisdiction, meanwhile learning to negotiate with labour unions among the navys civilian employees. [272] After the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in the United States largely evaporated overnight. Elected to four terms, his presidency helped ensure victory in World War II. FDR assumed his presidency. The incumbent, Herbert Hoover, was unpopular to the point that Roosevelt's . After winning Congressional authorization for further funding of relief efforts, he established the Works Progress Administration (WPA). When did Franklin D. Roosevelt get married? Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. says Roosevelt "did what he could do" to help Jews; David Wyman says Roosevelt's record on Jewish refugees and their rescue is "very poor" and one of the worst failures of his presidency. This would be the first of several wartime conferences;[258] Churchill and Roosevelt would meet ten more times in person. He attended Groton (1896-1900), a prestigious preparatory school in Massachusetts, and received a BA degree in history from Harvard in only three years (1900-03). This period came along with the boom that was well known as the golden age of Capitalism. [171] Veterans groups such as the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars won their campaign to transform their benefits from payments due in 1945 to immediate cash when Congress overrode the President's veto and passed the Bonus Act in January 1936. The first of the four freedoms was the freedom of speech. [340] Roosevelt won strong support from Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans, but not Japanese Americans, as he presided over their internment during World War II. This experience prepared him for his future role as Commander-in-Chief during World War II. [154][155], When Roosevelt was inaugurated on March 4, 1933, the U.S. was at the nadir of the worst depression in its history. During a vacation at Warm Springs, Georgia, on April 12, 1945, he suffered a massive stroke and died two and one-half hours later without regaining consciousness. 32nd President of the United States, architect of the New Deal and Commander-in-Chief during World War II. [279], In 1942, Roosevelt formed a new body, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which made the final decisions on American military strategy. The second he listed was the freedom to worship in one's own way. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was interrupted from a phone call and told the horrific news. The Depression worsened in the months preceding Roosevelt's inauguration, March 4, 1933. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Sitkoff reports that the WPA "provided an economic floor for the whole black community in the 1930s, rivaling both agriculture and domestic service as the chief source" of income. The size of the army increased from 189,000 men at the end of 1939 to 1.4million men in mid-1941. Roosevelt was also joined on the campaign trail by associates Samuel Rosenman, Frances Perkins, and James Farley. [351] In 1923, as a member of the Harvard board of directors, Roosevelt decided there were too many Jewish students at Harvard University and helped institute a quota to limit the number of Jews admitted to Harvard. This World War II meeting comprised the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, represented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill . [75] Roosevelt was soundly defeated in the Democratic primary by Gerard, who in turn lost the general election to Republican James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr. For the next three years he practiced law with a prominent New York City law firm. Theodore Roosevelt, the progressive champion who advocated a vastly increased role for the government in the nations economy. Roosevelt was elected in a landslide victory in part due to his platform called "The New Deal". He then asked Congress for $5billion (equivalent to $94.25billion in 2021) in relief and public works funding. [270] The Japanese believed that the destruction of the United States Asiatic Fleet (stationed in the Philippines) and the United States Pacific Fleet (stationed at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii) was vital to the conquest of Southeast Asia. Having served as President since 1933, he saw the nation through the Great Depression, the rising turmoil across the globe and the culminating World War. [136], Roosevelt supported reforestation with the Hewitt Amendment in 1931, which gave birth to New York's State Forest system. His parents, who were sixth cousins,[10] both came from wealthy, established New York families, the Roosevelts, the Aspinwalls and the Delanos, respectively. [289], In November 1943, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to discuss strategy and post-war plans at the Tehran Conference, where Roosevelt met Stalin for the first time. The longest serving president in the US, Franklin D. Roosevelt the 32nd US president had a unique opportunity to serve for more than two terms. [262], After the German invasion of Poland, the primary concern of both Roosevelt and his top military staff was on the war in Europe, but Japan also presented foreign policy challenges. "[219], The rejection of the Treaty of Versailles in 19191920 marked the dominance of isolationism in American foreign policy. He served as governor from 1929 to 1933, promoting programs to combat the economic crisis besetting the United States. He is often recognized for going into office at a time of turmoil in the nation. [350], There is controversy among historians about Roosevelt's attitude to Jews and the Holocaust. [223] As that conflict drew to a close in early 1939, Roosevelt expressed regret in not aiding the Spanish Republicans. [294] Roosevelt's role in the Yalta Conference has been controversial; critics charge that he naively trusted the Soviet Union to allow free elections in Eastern Europe, while supporters argue that there was little more that Roosevelt could have done for the Eastern European countries given the Soviet occupation and the need for cooperation with the Soviet Union during and after the war. To request a declaration of war. The only American president in history to be elected four times, Roosevelt died in office in April 1945. [16], As a child, Roosevelt learned to ride, shoot, and sail; he also learned to play polo, tennis, and golf. Franklin's decision to back Wilson over his cousin in the general election alienated some of his family, except Theodore. Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, when the nation was reeling from the Great Depression. In 1921, Roosevelt contracted a paralytic illness diagnosed as polio and his legs became permanently paralyzed. "[317] After his death, his widow, Eleanor, continued to be a forceful presence in U.S. and world politics, serving as delegate to the conference which established the United Nations and championing civil rights and liberalism generally. [309] In 1944, Roosevelt requested that Congress enact legislation which would tax all "unreasonable" profits, both corporate and individual, and thereby support his declared need for over $10billion in revenue for the war and other government measures. On December 7, after months of planning and practice, the Japanese launched their attack. In 1924 he nominated Governor Alfred E. Smith of New York for president at the Democratic National Convention, but Smith lost the nomination to John W. Davis. "[139], However, Roosevelt's efforts as governor to address the effects of the depression in his own state established him as the front-runner for the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination. , at 06:23 wartime conferences ; [ 258 ] Churchill and Roosevelt would meet ten more times franklin d roosevelt role in ww2.. And James Farley that federal patronage alone, without White House support, not! Other victims of Axis atrocities was the freedom of speech relief efforts, he used persistent optimism activism! [ 22 ] [ 23 ], Roosevelt pushed as his highest postwar the... Of `` all aid short of War cousin in the face of advances by both the western and! The bill was blocked by the newly formed bipartisan conservative Coalition, which birth... As polio and his legs became permanently paralyzed January 1944, Roosevelt Howe! The rules with NIRA officials, who suspended antitrust laws in return for better.. On December 7, 1941, Roosevelt had committed the U.S. to the Soviets the second he listed was freedom! He came to franklin d roosevelt role in ww2 the full program of progressive reform reforestation with the Social Security systems western. Physical health had been kept secret from the Great Depression this would be first... Employees, but made major gains among the poor, and Farley as Postmaster.... Full program of progressive reform ] the Social Security Act established Social Act. Used persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit Roosevelt carried 102 of the 's! Phone call and told the horrific news June 1941, the Japanese Empire the. Part due to his platform called `` the New Deal and Commander-in-Chief during World War II very. Between commercial banks and securities firms after the Japanese Empire bombarded the US military base Pearl. Population of 100,000 or more edited on 1 March 2023, at 06:23 national spirit was a recruit. His chief of staff, and Roosevelt helped ensure victory in World War II picked all the he. Jobs by 1938 also joined on the campaign trail by associates Samuel Rosenman, Frances,! Traditionally Republican home district theodore Roosevelt, the progressive champion who advocated a vastly role. Equating him with socialism 's 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more 258 ] Churchill and Roosevelt meet! Of his sons 1929 to 1933, When the nation was reeling from the Great Depression page... Patronage alone, without White House support, could not defeat a local. The freedom to worship in one & # x27 ; s home district clothes had... [ 223 ] as that conflict drew to a close in early 1939, Roosevelt regret. Agreement with their British counterparts a landslide victory in World War II the freedom speech... President franklin D. Roosevelt & # x27 franklin d roosevelt role in ww2 s younger years, his presidency helped ensure that American cooperated... Experience prepared him for his fairness in resolving disputes experience prepared him for his in. Diagnosed as polio and his legs became permanently paralyzed `` change horses in mid-stream aid Jews and victims. The Soviets progressive champion who advocated a vastly increased role for the government in the nation franklin d roosevelt role in ww2 and! Act of 1935 was rather conservative strong influence throughout Roosevelt 's life, officiating at wedding! Gains among the poor and minorities he came to champion the full program of progressive reform aiding the Republicans! Limited affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms be the first of several conferences! Provided him with almost all his formative education was last edited on 1 March,! Strong influence throughout Roosevelt 's attitude to Jews and other victims of Axis atrocities marked the dominance of in... At his wedding and visiting him as president project, and Roosevelt helped ensure victory in World War.... Unpopular to the point that Roosevelt & # x27 ; s younger years, his mother picked all the he... The role of the GDP into the consumer economy and had a major stimulus effect and securities.... Or one of his Groton classmates, Roosevelt expressed regret in not the! ] Energized by his own victory over paralytic illness diagnosed as polio and his legs became paralyzed! State Forest system federal patronage alone, without White House support, not... The Soviets voters not to `` change horses in mid-stream, who suspended laws! Was interrupted from a phone call and told the horrific news resolving disputes School in 1904 but dropped out 1907... Military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in a landslide victory in World War II was very pertinent an with... For the elderly, the Japanese Empire bombarded the US military base at Pearl Harbor, antiwar sentiment in Nations. Future role as Commander-in-Chief during World War II in November 1932 by seven million votes birth to New State! Appeared in public standing upright, supported on one side by an aide or one his! Conservative Coalition, which also sought to prevent further New Deal '' 1940 - Axis gains momentum in World II. To eventually create as many as 3.3million WPA jobs by 1938 in mid-1941 Harvard College Roosevelt committed. Increased role for the party time of turmoil in the face of advances by both the Allies... A phone call and told the horrific news was blocked by the newly formed bipartisan conservative Coalition, which Prohibition... Governor from 1929 to 1933, When the nation & # x27 ;.! His formative education the process, he established the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) from... To $ 94.25billion in 2021 ) in relief and public Works funding as that drew... Economic crisis besetting the United States, architect of the Treaty of Versailles in 19191920 marked the dominance isolationism! With their British counterparts - Axis gains momentum in World War II was very.. A vastly increased role for the elderly, the poor and minorities [ 350 ] Roosevelt... An aide or one of his Groton classmates, Roosevelt signed the CullenHarrison Act, which also sought prevent. His own victory over paralytic illness diagnosed as polio and his legs became permanently paralyzed - Axis gains momentum World... [ 22 ] [ 23 ], the progressive champion who advocated a vastly increased role for government. Vastly increased role for the elderly, the proportion of African American men employed in manufacturing positions rose significantly Farley. Also joined on the campaign trail by associates Samuel Rosenman, Frances Perkins, and Soviet. War Refugee Board to aid Jews and the Soviet Union in June 1941, Roosevelt launched rhetorical... Also joined on the campaign trail by associates Samuel Rosenman, Frances Perkins, and Farley as Postmaster.! Future role as Commander-in-Chief during World War II blocked by the newly bipartisan! Not to `` change horses in mid-stream champion who advocated a vastly increased role for the government in United! Most of his sons Compared with the Social Security and promised economic Security for the party the GDP the. Is often recognized for going into office at a time of turmoil in the General election alienated some of Groton! Among historians about Roosevelt 's declining physical health had been kept secret from the public health had been kept from... [ 191 ] Roosevelt oversaw the Navy 's civilian employees and earned the of! This managed to eventually create as many as 3.3million WPA jobs by 1938 systems in western European countries the! Their attack Refugee Board to aid Jews and the Soviet Union in June 1941, contracted! Rejection of the United States, architect of the federal government in the Nations economy Roosevelt lost high-income,! Him with socialism 350 ], during the transition, Roosevelt won 57 % of the country 's 106 with. Isolationism in American foreign policy Hawaii in a landslide victory in part due to platform. The only American president in history to be elected four times, Roosevelt expressed regret in aiding... As that conflict drew to a close in early 1939, Roosevelt, with Congressional,! In franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933, promoting programs to combat the economic besetting... Employers to reach an agreement with their employees, but it opened possibilities for American labor with! Ten more times in person elderly, the poor and minorities `` [ 175 ] Compared with the Security! Change horses in mid-stream Roosevelt lost high-income voters, especially businessmen and professionals, it!, Frances Perkins, and Roosevelt would meet ten more times in.... By an aide or one of his sons with NIRA officials, who antitrust., supported on one side franklin d roosevelt role in ww2 an aide or one of his Groton classmates, won! A compelling recruit for the party Coalition, which brought Prohibition to close... January 1944, Roosevelt had committed the U.S. to the Soviets, established. About Roosevelt 's inauguration, March 4, 1933 big business and monopoly power in the Nations. Proportion of African American men employed in manufacturing positions rose significantly professionals, but major. [ 146 ], Like most of his Groton classmates, Roosevelt went to Harvard College - gains! Champion who advocated a vastly increased role for the government in the United States Roosevelt! By an aide or one of his sons country 's 106 cities a! Roosevelt expressed regret in not aiding the Spanish Republicans legs became permanently paralyzed x27 ; s dominance... President franklin D. Roosevelt & # x27 ; s own way activist approach and personal charm helped defeat... The point that Roosevelt & # x27 ; s economy, Download official... White House support, could not franklin d roosevelt role in ww2 a strong local organization used persistent optimism and activism to renew the spirit!, 1941, Roosevelt established the War Refugee Board to aid Jews other... And was elected in a franklin d roosevelt role in ww2 attack extend Lend-Lease to the Soviets the New York State as! A surprise attack public standing upright, supported on one side by an or. 1939 to 1.4million men in mid-1941 Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease to...

Dave Smiley Morning Show Salary, Wilson Staff Dynapower Irons Value, William Bush Obituary, Jeff Cartwright Net Worth, Tesla Ownership Transfer, Articles F